An Umbrella Disorder: Specific Learning Disorder
PDF
Cite
Share
Request
Review
P: 126-133
November 2020

An Umbrella Disorder: Specific Learning Disorder

Turk J Child Adolesc Ment Health 2020;27(3):126-133
1. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Çocuk ve Ergen Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul, Türkiye
2. Serbest Hekim, Çocuk ve Ergen Psikiyatrisi, Ankara, Türkiye
No information available.
No information available
Received Date: 22.10.2019
Accepted Date: 17.04.2020
Publish Date: 05.11.2020
PDF
Cite
Share
Request

ABSTRACT

Specific learning disorder is a neuro-developmental disorder that affects significant number of school-age children and disrupts academic achievement and mental development. Its including three subtypes and disabilities in executive functions in addition to common symptoms induces quite heterogenous clinical appearances. In this review, the subtypes of specific learning disorder, the features of these subtypes, and accompanying executive function disabilities with etiology and pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis evaluation, clinical process, differential diagnoses, comorbidities and treatment are assessed with current literature.

References

1Silver CH, Ruff RM, Iverson GL, Barth JT, Broshek DK, Bush SS, Koffler SP, Reynolds CR, NAN Policy and Planning Committee. Learning disabilities: The need for neuropsychological evaluation, Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2008;23:217-219.
2American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®), American Psychiatric Pub. 2013.
3Aboud KS, Barquero LA, Cutting LE. Prefrontal mediation of the reading network predicts intervention response in dyslexia, Cortex. 2018;101:96-106.
4Welsh MC, Pennington BF. Assessing frontal lobe functioning in children: Views from developmental psychology, Dev Neuropsychol. 1988;4:199-230.
5McCloskey G, Perkins LA, Van Diviner B. Assessment and intervention for executive function difficulties. Routledge; 2008.
6Ylvisaker M, Feeney T. Executive functions, self-regulation, and learned optimism in paediatric rehabilitation: a review and implications for intervention, Pediatr Rehabil. 2002;5:51-70.
7Vellutino FR, Fletcher JM, Snowling MJ, Scanlon DM. Specific reading disability (dyslexia): What have we learned in the past four decades? J Child Psychol Psych. 2004;45:2-40.
8Dandache S, Wouters J, Ghesquière P. Development of reading and phonological skills of children at family risk for dyslexia: a longitudinal analysis from kindergarten to sixth grade, Dyslexia. 2014;20:305-329.
9Francks C, MacPhie IL, Monaco AP. The genetic basis of dyslexia, Lancet Neurol. 2002;1:483-490.
10Wybrow DP, Hanley JR. Surface developmental dyslexia is as prevalent as phonological dyslexia when appropriate control groups are employed, Cogn Neuropsychol. 2015;32:1-13.
11Berent I, Vaknin-Nusbaum V, Balaban E, Galaburda AM. Phonological generalizations in dyslexia: The phonological grammar may not be impaired, Cogn Neuropsychol. 2013;30:285-310.
12Auclair-Ouellet N, Fossard M, St-Pierre MC, Macoir J. Toward an executive origin for acquired phonological dyslexia: A case of specific deficit of context-sensitive grapheme-to-phoneme conversion rules, Behav Neurol. 2013;26:171-173.
13Schwarb H, Nail J, Schumacher EH. Working memory training improves visual short-term memory capacity, Psychol Res. 2016;80:128-148.
14Verhagen J, Leseman P. How do verbal short-term memory and working memory relate to the acquisition of vocabulary and grammar? A comparison between first and second language learners, J Exp Child Psychol. 2016;141:65-82.
15Zhao J, Yang Y, Song YW, Bi HY. Verbal Short‐Term Memory Deficits in Chinese Children with Dyslexia may not be a Problem with the Activation of Phonological Representations, Dyslexia. 2015;21:304-322.
16Fostick L, Babkoff H. Different response patterns between auditory spectral and spatial temporal order judgment (TOJ), Exp Psychol. 2013;60:432-443.
17Goswami U, Fosker T, Huss M, Mead N, Szucs D. Rise time and formant transition duration in the discrimination of speech sounds: the Ba-Wa distinction in developmental dyslexia, Dev Sci. 2011;14:34-43.
18Capellini SA, Coppede AC, Valle TR. Fine motor function of school-aged children with dyslexia, learning disability and learning difficulties, Pro Fono. 2010;22:201-208.
19Snowling MJ, Muter V, Carroll J. Children at family risk of dyslexia: a follow‐up in early adolescence, J Child Psychol Psychiatr. 2007;48:609-618.
20Undheim AM. A thirteen‐year follow‐up study of young Norwegian adults with dyslexia in childhood: reading development and educational levels, Dyslexia. 2009;15:291-303.
21Jones D, Christensen CA. Relationship between automaticity in handwriting and students’ ability to generate written text, J Educ Psychol. 1999;91:44-49.
22Eden GF, Wood FB, Stein JF. Clock drawing in developmental dyslexia, J Learn Disabil. 2003;36:216-228.
23Katusic SK, Colligan RC, Weaver AL, Barbaresi WJ. The forgotten learning disability: epidemiology of written-language disorder in a population-based birth cohort (1976-1982), Rochester, Minnesota, Pediatr. 2009;123:1306-1313.
24Sovik N, Arntzen O, Karlsdottir R. Relations between writing speed and some other parameters in handwriting, J Hum Mov Stud. 1993;25:133-150.
25Graham S, Berninger V, Weintraub N, Schafer W. Development of handwriting speed and legibility in grades 1–9, The J Educ Res. 1998;92:42-52.
26Sweedler-Brown CO. The Effect of Training on the Appearance Bias of Holistic Essay Graders, J Res Dev Educ. 1992;26:24-29.
27Zentall SS, Harper GW, Stormont-Spurgin M. Children with hyperactivity and their organizational abilities, J Educ Res. 1993;87:112-117.
28Rosenblum S, Aloni T, Josman N. Relationships between handwriting performance and organizational abilities among children with and without dysgraphia: A preliminary study, Res Dev Disabil. 2010;31:502-509.
29Döhla D, Heim S. Developmental dyslexia and dysgraphia: What can we learn from the one about the other? Front Psychol. 2016;6:2045.
30Geary DC. Cognitive predictors of achievement growth in mathematics: a 5-year longitudinal study, Dev Psychol. 2011;47:1539-1552.
31Soares N, Evans T, Patel DR. Specific learning disability in mathematics: a comrehensive review, Transl Pediatr. 2018;7:48-62.
32Bryant DP, Bryant BR, Gersten R, Scammacca N, Chavez MM. Mathematics intervention for first-and secondgrade students with mathematics difficulties: The effects of tier 2 intervention delivered as booster lessons, Remedial Spec Educ. 2008;29:20-32.
33Kronenberger WG, Dunn DW. Learning Disorders, Neurol Clin. 2003;21:941-952.
34Bryant B, Bryant D. Introduction to the special series. Mathematics Learning Disabilities. Learn Disabil Q. 2008;31:3.
35Noël MP, Rousselle L. Developmental changes in the profiles of dyscalculia: an explanation based on a double exact-and-approximate number representation model, Front Hum Neurosci. 2011;5:165.
36Shalev RS, Auerbach J, Manor O, Gross-Tsur V. Developmental dyscalculia: prevalence and prognosis, Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;9:S58-S64.
37Skagerlund K, Träff U. Number processing and heterogeneity of developmental dyscalculia: Subtypes with different cognitive profiles and deficits, J Learn Disabil. 2016;49:36-50.
38Peake C, Jiménez JE, Rodríguez C. Data-driven heterogeneity in mathematical learning disabilities based on the triple code model, Res Dev Disabil. 2017;71:130-142.
39Plaza BL, Brito NI, Torrejón HP, Gloor VC, Medina JMJ, Díaz TT, Flores AA, Díaz AN, Cáceres MU, Oltremari JC, Marincovich DI. The impact of malnutrition on brain development, intelligence and school work performance, Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2001;51:64-71.
40Vogler GP, DeFries JC, Decker SN. Family history as an indicator of risk for reading disability, J Learn Disabil. 1985;18:419-421.
41Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA. Dyslexia (specific reading disability), Biol psychiatry. 2005;57:1301-1309.
42Kieling C, Goncalves RR, Tannock R, Castellanos FX. Neurobiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2008;17:285-307.
43Mayes SD, Calhoun SL. Frequency of reading, math, and writing disabilities in children with clinical disorders, Learn Individ Differ. 2006;16:145-157.
44Levine MD. Differences in learning and neurodevelopmental function in school-age children. In: Carey WB, Crocker AC, Elias ER, Feldman H, Coleman W, eds. Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics (4th ed). Philadelphia; Saunders Elsevier; 2009:535-546.
45Silver LB. Psychological and family problems associated with learning disabilities: Assessment and intervention, J Am Acad Child Psychiatry. 1989;28:319-325.
46Silver LB. The misunderstood child: Understanding and coping with your child’s learning disabilities. New York; Times Books; 1998.
47Hauerwas LB, Brown R, Scott AN. Specific learning disability and response to intervention: State-level guidance, Except Child. 2013;80:101-120.
48Lyon GR. Learning disabilities, The future of children. 1996;6:54-76.
49Mather N, Gregg N. Specific learning disabilities: Clarifying, not eliminating, a construct. 2006;37:99-106.
50Fletcher JM, Francis DJ, Morris RD, Lyon GR. Evidence-based assessment of learning disabilities in children and adolescents, J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2005;34:506-522.
51Cotton SM, Crewther DP, Crewther SG. Measurement error: Implications for diagnosis and discrepancy models of developmental dyslexia, Dyslexia. 2005;11:186-202.
52Smart D, Prior M, Sanson A, Oberklaid F. Children with reading difficulties: A six year follow‐up from early primary school to secondary school, Australian J Learn Diffic. 2005;10:63-75.
53MacMillan DL, Gresham FM, Bocian KM. Discrepancy between definitions of learning disabilities and school practices: An empirical investigation, J Learn Disabil. 1998;31:314-326.
54Wilson AM, Lesaux NK. Persistence of phonological processing deficits in college students with dyslexia who have age-appropriate reading skills, J Learning Disabil. 2001;34:394-400.
55Morgan PL, Farkas G, Wu Q. Five-year growth trajectories of kindergarten children with learning difficulties in mathematics, J Learn Disabil. 2009;42:306-321.
56Dole S. The implications of the risk and resilience literature for gifted students with learning disabilities, Roeper Review. 2000;23:91-96.
57Fennell EB. The role of neuropsychological assessment in learning disabilities, J Child Neurol. 1995;10:S36-S41.
58Beitchman JH, Young AR. Learning disorders with a special emphasis on reading disorders: A review of the past 10 years, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36:1020-1032.
59Alkaş L. Öğrenme Bozukluğu Olgularında Aşırı Hareketlilik-İmpulsivitenin Eşlik Ettiği Dikkat Eksikliği/Aşırı Hareketlilik Bozukluğunun Sıklığı ve Nöropsikolojik Özellikleri. Yayınlanmamış Uzmanlık Tezi. Trakya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı, Edirne. 1996.
60Erman Ö. Öğrenme Bozukluğu ve Dikkat Eksikliği Aşırı Hareketlilik Olgularının Nöropsikolojik ve Nörofizyolojik Yöntemlerle İncelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Uzmanlık Tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Çocuk Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı, Ankara. 1997.
61Jensen J, Breiger D. Learning disorders. In: Cheng K, Meyers KM, eds. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Baltimore; Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins; 2005:281-298.
62Sideridis GD. Goal orientation, academic achievement, and depression: Evidence in favor of a revised goal theory framework, J Educ Psychol. 2005;97:366-375.
63Li H, Morris RJ. Assessing fears and related anxieties in children and adolescents with learning disabilities or mild mental retardation, Res Dev Disabil. 2007;28:445-457.
64Prior M, Smart D, Sanson A, Oberklaid F. Relationships between learning difficulties and psychological problems in preadolescent children from a longitudinal sample, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38:429-436.
65Willcutt EG, Pennington BF. Comorbidity of reading disability and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: differences by gender and subtype, J Learn Disabil. 2000;33:179-191.
66Willcutt EG, Pennington BF. Psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescent with reading disability, J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2000;41:1039-1048.
67Reid G. Dyslexia: An Introductory Guide for Parents. University of Edinburg. Dept of Educational Studies, Faculty of Education, Edinburg. 2004.
68Fostick L, Revah H. Dyslexia as a multi-deficit disorder: Working memory and auditory temporal processing, Acta Psychol. 2018;183:19-28.
69Keulers EHH, Hendriksen JGM, Feron FJM, Wassenberg R, Wuisman-Frerker MGF, Jolles J, Vles JSH. Methylphenidate improves reading performance in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid dyslexia: An unblinded clinical trial, Eu J Paediatr Neurol. 2007;11:21-28.
Article is only available in PDF format. Show PDF
2024 ©️ Galenos Publishing House