Abstract
Habit Reversal Training (HRT) is a training in which behavioral therapy principles can be used as an adjunct or alternative to drug therapy in the treatment of motor and vocal tics in children and adolescents aged 9 and over. Although there are questions about the effectiveness of the training, which has more than one therapy component, there are positive results in literature conducted to date regarding its effectiveness compared to other therapy methods. In this review, the components in the HRT and the scientific research will be reviewed.
Keywords: Tic, motor tic, vocal tic, Habit Reversal Training, child, adolescent
References
Andrén P, Jakubovski E, Murphy TL, Woitecki K, Tarnok Z, Zimmerman-Brenner S, van de Griendt J, Debes NM, Viefhaus P, Robinson S, Roessner V, Ganos C, Szejko N, Müller-Vahl KR, Cath D, Hartmann A, Verdellen C. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders-version 2.0. Part II: psychological interventions. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022;31:403-423.
Frey J, Malaty IA. Tourette syndrome treatment updates: a review and discussion of the current and upcoming literature. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2022;22:123-142.
Marcks BA, Woods DW, Teng EJ, Twohig MP. What do those who know, know? Investigating providers’ knowledge about Tourette’s syndrome and its treatment. Cognit Behav Pract. 2004;11:298-305.
Robertson MM. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: the complexities of phenotype and treatment. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2011;72:100-107.
Blount TH, Lockhart AL, Garcia RV, Raj JJ, Peterson AL. Intensive outpatient comprehensive behavioral intervention for tics: A case series. World J Clin Cases. 2014;2:569-577.
Verdellen C, van de Griendt J, Hartmann A, Murphy T; ESSTS Guidelines Group. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part III: behavioural and psychosocial interventions. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20:197-207.
Steeves T, McKinlay BD, Gorman D, Billinghurst L, Day L, Carroll A, Dion Y, Doja A, Luscombe S, Sandor P, Pringsheim T. Canadian guidelines for the evidence-based treatment of tic disorders: behavioural therapy, deep brain stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Can J Psychiatry. 2012;57:144-151.
Woods DW, Piacentini JC, Chang SW, Deckersbach T, Ginsburg GS, Peterson AL, Scahill LD, Walkup JT, Wilhelm S. Managing Tourette syndrome: a behavioral intervention for children and adults therapist guide. Oxford University Press. 2008.
Meyer V. Modification of expectations in cases with obsessional rituals. Behav Res Ther. 1966;4:273-280.
Hoogduin K, Verdellen C, Cath D. Exposure and response prevention in the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome: four case studies. Clin Psychol Psychother: An International Journal of Theory and Practice. 1997;4:125-135.
Verdellen CW, Keijsers GP, Cath DC, Hoogduin CA. Exposure with response prevention versus habit reversal in Tourettes’s syndrome: a controlled study. Behav Res Ther. 2004;42:501-511.
Piacentini J, Woods DW, Scahill L, Wilhelm S, Peterson AL, Chang S, Ginsburg GS, Deckersbach T, Dziura J, Levi-Pearl S, Walkup JT. Behavior therapy for children with Tourette disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;303:1929-1937.
Wilhelm S, Peterson AL, Piacentini J, Woods DW, Deckersbach T, Sukhodolsky DG, Chang S, Liu H, Dziura J, Walkup JT, Scahill L. Randomized trial of behavior therapy for adults with Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69:795-803.
Leclerc JB, O'Connor KP, J-Nolin G, Valois P, Lavoie ME. The effect of a new therapy for children with tics targeting underlying cognitive, behavioral, and physiological processes. Front Psychiatry. 2016;7:135.
O’Connor K, St-Pierre-Delorme MÈ, Leclerc J, Lavoie M, Blais MT. Meta-cognitions in Tourette syndrome, tic disorders, and body-focused repetitive disorder. Can J Psychiatry. 2014;59:417-425.
O'Connor K, Lavoie M, Blanchet P, St-Pierre-Delorme MÈ. Evaluation of a cognitive psychophysiological model for management of tic disorders: an open trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;209:76-83.
O’Connor KP, Lavoie ME, Schoendorff B. Managing tic and habit disorders: a cognitive psychophysiological treatment approach with acceptance strategies. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2017.
O'Connor K, Brisebois H, Brault M, Robillard S, Loiselle J. Behavioral activity associated with onset in chronic tic and habit disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2003;41:241-249.
Woods DW, Himle MB. Creating tic suppression: comparing the effects of verbal instruction to differential reinforcement. J Appl Behav Anal. 2004;37:417-420.
Shikhu LP, Jha M, Sharma V. Function-based Intervention for Tic disorder. Delhi Psychiatr J. 2012;15:428-431.
Himle MB, Woods DW, Conelea CA, Bauer CC, Rice KA. Investigating the effects of tic suppression on premonitory urge ratings in children and adolescents with Tourette’s syndrome. Behav Res Ther. 2007;45:2964-2976.
Peterson AL, Azrin NH. An evaluation of behavioral treatments for Tourette syndrome. Behav Res Ther. 1992;30:167-174.
McGuire JF. Behavior therapy for youth with tourette disorder. J Clin Psychol. 2016;72:1191-1199.
Himle MB, Woods DW, Piacentini JC, Walkup JT. Brief review of habit reversal training for Tourette syndrome. J Child Neurol. 2006;21:719-725.
Pringsheim T, Okun MS, Müller-Vahl K, Martino D, Jankovic J, Cavanna AE, Woods DW, Robinson M, Jarvie E, Roessner V, Oskoui M, Holler-Managan Y, Piacentini J. Practice guideline recommendations summary: Treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurology. 2019;92:896-906.
Yates R, Edwards K, King J, Luzon O, Evangeli M, Stark D, McFarlane F, Heyman I, İnce B, Kodric J, Murphy T. Habit reversal training and educational group treatments for children with tourette syndrome: a preliminary randomised controlled trial. Behav Res Ther. 2016;80:43-50.
Nissen JB, Kaergaard M, Laursen L, Parner E, Thomsen PH. Combined habit reversal training and exposure response prevention in a group setting compared to individual training: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;28:57-68.
Heijerman-Holtgrefe AP, Verdellen CWJ, van de Griendt JMTM, Beljaars LPL, Kan KJ, Cath D, Hoekstra PJ, Huyser C, Utens EMWJ. Tackle your Tics: pilot findings of a brief, intensive group-based exposure therapy program for children with tic disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021;30:461-473.
Dabrowski J, King J, Edwards K, Yates R, Heyman I, Zimmerman-Brenner S, Murphy T. The long-term effects of group-based psychological ınterventions for children with tourette syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Behav Ther. 2018;49:331-343.
Bennett SM, Capriotti M, Bauer C, Chang S, Keller AE, Walkup J, Woods D, Piacentini J. Development and open trial of a psychosocial ıntervention for young children with chronic tics: the CBIT-JR study. Behav Ther. 2020;51:659-669.
Chen CW, Wang HS, Chang HJ, Hsueh CW. Effectiveness of a modified comprehensive behavioral intervention for tics for children and adolescents with Tourette’s syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. J Adv Nurs. 2020;76:903-915.
Zimmerman-Brenner S, Pilowsky-Peleg T, Rachamim L, Ben-Zvi A, Gur N, Murphy T, Fattal-Valevski A, Rotstein M. Group behavioral interventions for tics and comorbid symptoms in children with chronic tic disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022;31:637-648.
Andrén P, Aspvall K, Fernández de la Cruz L, Wiktor P, Romano S, Andersson E, Murphy T, Isomura K, Serlachius E, Mataix-Cols D. Therapist-guided and parent-guided internet-delivered behaviour therapy for paediatric Tourette's disorder: a pilot randomised controlled trial with long-term follow-up. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e024685.
Hall CL, Davies EB, Andrén P, Murphy T, Bennett S, Brown BJ, Brown S, Chamberlain L, Craven MP, Evans A, Glazebrook C, Heyman I, Hunter R, Jones R, Kilgariff J, Marston L, Mataix-Cols D, Murray E, Sanderson C, Serlachius E, Hollis C; ORBIT Trial team. Investigating a therapist-guided, parent-assisted remote digital behavioural intervention for tics in children and adolescents-‘Online Remote Behavioural Intervention for Tics’ (ORBIT) trial: protocol of an internal pilot study and single-blind randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e027583.
