The Relationship Between Suicidal Ideations and Early Term Maladaptive Schemas
PDF

Review

The Relationship Between Suicidal Ideations and Early Term Maladaptive Schemas

Turk J Child Adolesc Ment Health 2025;32(2):70-77 DOI: 10.4274/tjcamh.galenos.2024.47568
,
PDF
Permissions

Abstract

Suicidal behavior, ranging from suicidal thoughts to actual suicide attempts and from interrupted attempts to completed suicides, refers to a broad spectrum that is not limited to only cognitive and behavioral areas. There are many sociological, biological, psychoanalytic, and cognitive models that try to explain suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Moreover, the relationship between early term maladaptive schemas and suicide has recently been the subject of more research. Early maladaptive schemas are considered risk factors for the development of psychological disorders and according to research findings, may increase vulnerability to suicidal behavior. Emphasizing early childhood experiences, including biological vulnerability, and their relationship with suicidal cognitive factors and psychiatric diseases make schemas attractive for understanding suicidal behavior. Studies with children and adolescents report that there may be a relationship between suicidal thoughts and overvigilance and suppression/inhibition, disconnection and rejection schema domains; social isolation, entitlement/grandiosity, failure, dependence/incompetence, emotional deprivation, insufficient self-control and defectiveness/shame schemas.

Keywords: Suicide ideation, early term maladaptive schemas, interpersonal psychological theory of suicide, schema domain, suicide attempt

References

1

Carballo JJ, Llorente C, Kehrmann L, Flamarique I, Zuddas A, Purper-Ouakil D, Hoekstra PJ, Coghill D, Schulze UME, Dittmann RW, Buitelaar JK, Castro-Fornieles J, Lievesley K, Santosh P, Arango C; STOP Consortium. Psychosocial risk factors for suicidality in children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;29:759-776.

2

Nock MK, Green JG, Hwang I, McLaughlin KA, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, Kessler RC. Prevalence, correlates, and treatment of lifetime suicidal behavior among adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70:300-310.

3

Çetin FÇ, Coşkun A, İşeri E. İntihar davranışı. İçinde: Çocuk ve Ergen Psikiyatrisi Temel Kitabı. Çuhadaroğlu FÇ, Coşkun A, İşeri E, Miral S, Motavallı N, Pehlivantürk B (editörler). Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği. 2008:503-512.

4

Bachmann S. Epidemiology of suicide and the psychiatric perspective. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15:1425.

5

Sargın AE, Türkçapar H. İntiharın bilişsel davranışçı modeli ve terapisi. İçinde: İntiharı Anlama ve Müdahale: Temel Kitap. Devrimci Özgüven H, Sercan M (Editörler). Ankara: TPD Yayınları. 2019:248-268.

6

Young JE, Klosko JS, Weishaar ME. Schema therapy: a practitioner’s guide. The Guilford Press; New York NY, 2006.

7

Riso LP, Froman SE, Raouf M, Gable P, Maddux RE, Turini-Santorelli N, Penna S, Blandino JA, Jacobs CH, Cherry M. The long-term stability of early maladaptive schemas. Cogn Ther Res. 2006;30:515-529.

8

Waller G, Meyer C, Ohanian V. Psychometric properties of the long and short versions of the Young Schema Questionnaire: core beliefs among bulimic and comparison women. Cogn Ther Res. 2001;25:137-147.

9

Cockram DM, Drummond PD, Lee CW. Role and treatment of early maladaptive schemas in Vietnam veterans with PTSD. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2010;17:165-182.

10

Ball SA, Cecero JJ. Addicted patients with personality disorders: traits, schemas, and presenting problems. J Pers Disord. 2001;15:72-83.

11

Giesen-Bloo J, van Dyck R, Spinhoven P, van Tilburg W, Dirksen C, van Asselt T, Kremers I, Nadort M, Arntz A. Outpatient psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: randomized trial of schema-focused therapy vs transference-focused psychotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:649-658.

12

Calvete E, Orue I, Hankin BL. Early maladaptive schemas and social anxiety in adolescents: the mediating role of anxious automatic thoughts. J Anxiety Disord. 2013;27:278-288.

13

Lawrence KA, Allen JS, Chanen AM. A study of maladaptive schemas and borderline personality disorder in young people. Cognit Ther Res. 2011;35:30-39.

14

Dozois DJ, Martin RA, Faulkner B. Early maladaptive schemas, styles of humor and aggression. Humor. 2013;26:97-116.

15

Shorey RC, Stuart GL, Anderson S. Early maladaptive schemas among young adult male substance abusers: a comparison with a non-clinical group. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2013;44:522-527.

16

Shorey RC, Stuart GL, Anderson S. Differences in early maladaptive schemas between a sample of young adult female substance abusers and a non-clinical comparison group. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2014;21:21-28.

17

Pilkington P, Younan R, Bishop A. Early maladaptive schemas, suicidal ideation, and self-harm: a meta-analytic review. J Affect Disord Rep. 2021;3:100051.

18

Castille K, Prout M, Marczyk G, Shmidheiser M. The early maladaptive schemas of self-mutilators: implications for therapy. J Cogn Psychother. 2007;21:58.

19

Dutra L, Callahan K, Forman E, Mendelsohn M, Herman J. Core schemas and suicidality in a chronically traumatized population. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008;196:71-74.

20

Dale R, Power K, Kane S, Stewart AM, Murray L. The role of parental bonding and early maladaptive schemas in the risk of suicidal behavior repetition. Arch Suicide Res. 2010;14:311-328.

21

Khosravani V, Sharifi Bastan F, Samimi Ardestani M, Jamaati Ardakani R. Early maladaptive schemas and suicidal risk in an Iranian sample of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2017;255:441-448.

22

Langhinrichsen-Rohling J, Thompson K, Selwyn C, Finnegan H, Misra T. Maladaptive schemas mediate poor parental attachment and suicidality in college students. Death Stud. 2017;41:337-344.

23

Barzilay S, Apter A. Psychological models of suicide. Arch Suicide Res. 2014;18:295-312.

24

Rudd MD. Cognitive therapy for suicidality: an integrative, comprehensive, and practical approach to conceptualization. J Contemp Psychother. 2004;34:59-72.

25

Eskin M. Kişilerarası psikolojik intihar kuramı. Devrimci HÖ, Sercan M, (editörler). İçinde: İntiharı Anlama ve Müdahale Temel Kitap. Ankara: BAYT Bilimsel Araştırmalar Basın Yayın ve Tanıtım. 2019:85-92.

26

Beck AT. Cognitive therapy as the integrative therapy. J Psychother Integr. 1991;191-198.

27

Beck AT, Alford BA, Beck MDAT, Alford PDBA. Depression: causes and treatment 3th edition. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, PA. 2014.

28

Blissett J, Walsh J, Harris G, Jones C, Leung N, Meyer C. Different core beliefs predict paternal and maternal attachment representations in young women. Clin Psychol Psychother 2006;13:163-171.

29

Roelofs J, Lee C, Ruijten T, Lobbestael J. The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relation between quality of attachment relationships and symptoms of depression in adolescents. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2011;39:471-479.

30

Orue I, Calvete E, Padilla P. Brooding rumination as a mediator in the relation between early maladaptive schemas and symptoms of depression and social anxiety in adolescents. J Adolesc. 2014;37:1281-1291.

31

Gökçe S, Önal Sönmez A, Yusufoğlu C, Yulaf Y, Adak İ. Erken dönem uyumsuz şemaların ergenlik dönemi depresif bozuklukla ilişkisi.Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2017;18.

32

Tariq A, Reid C, Chan SWY. A meta-analysis of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and depression in adolescence and young adulthood. Psychol Med. 2021;51:1233-1248.

33

Cui Y, Kim SW, Lee BJ, Kim JJ, Yu JC, Lee KY, Won S, Lee SH, Kim SH, Kang SH, Kim E, Piao YH, Kang NI, Chung YC. Negative schema and rumination as mediators of the relationship between childhood trauma and recent suicidal ideation in patients with early psychosis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2019;80:17m12088.

34

Cui Y, Piao Y, Kim SW, Lee BJ, Kim JJ, Yu JC, Lee KY, Won SH, Lee SH, Kim SH, Kang SH, Kim E, Kim N, Chung YC. Psychological factors intervening between childhood trauma and suicidality in first-episode psychosis. Psychiatry Res. 2020;293:113465.

35

Panagioti M, Gooding PA, Pratt D, Tarrier N. An empirical investigation of suicide schemas in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2015;227:302-308.

36

Azadi S, Khosravani V, Naragon-Gainey K, Bastan FS, Mohammadzadeh A, Ghorbani F. Early maladaptive schemas are associated with increased suicidal risk among individuals with schizophrenia. Int J Cogn Ther. 2019;12:274-291.

37

Golmohammadi M, Ahadi B, Farahbijari A. The relation between early maladaptive schemas and suicidal ideation in girls: the mediating role of emotion regulation strategies. J Res Psychopathol. 2022;3:18-26.

38

Leppänen V, Vuorenmaa E, Lindeman S, Tuulari J, Hakko H. Association of parasuicidal behaviour to early maladaptive schemas and schema modes in patients with BPD: The Oulu BPD study. Personal Ment Health. 2016;10:58-71.

39

Nilsson KK. Early maladaptive schemas in bipolar disorder patients with and without suicide attempts. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2016;204:236-239.

40

Ahmadian M, Fata L, Asgharnezhad A, Malakooti K. A comparison of the early maladaptive schemas of suicidal and non-suicidal depressed patients with non-clinical sample. Adv Cogn Sci. 2008.

41

Flink N, Lehto SM, Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Viinamäki H, Ruusunen A, Valkonen-Korhonen M, Honkalampi K. Early maladaptive schemas and suicidal ideation in depressed patients. Eur J Psychiatry. 2017;31:87-92.

42

Ahmadpanah M, Astinsadaf S, Akhondi A, Haghighi M, Sadeghi Bahmani D, Nazaribadie M, Jahangard L, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Brand S. Early maladaptive schemas of emotional deprivation, social isolation, shame and abandonment are related to a history of suicide attempts among patients with major depressive disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 2017;77:71-79.

43

Ha J, Park D. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among university students in South Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic: the application of interpersonal-psychological theory and early maladaptive schema. Peer J. 2022;10:e13830.

44

Valikhani A, Aflakseir A, Hashemi R, Fathi M, Momeni H, Abbasi Z. The relationship between personality characteristics and early maladaptive schema with suicide ideation in Iranian late adolescents. Pract Clin Psychol. 2017;5:271-280.

45

Klibert J, LeLeux-LaBarge K, Tarantino N, Yancey T, Lamis DA. Procrastination and suicide proneness: a moderated-mediation model for cognitive schemas and gender. Death Stud. 2016;40:350-357.

46

Nicol A, Mak AS, Murray K, Kavanagh PS. The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and the functions of self-injurious behaviour in youth. Clinical Psychologist. 2022;26:296-308.

47

Méa CP, Zancanella S, Ferreira VR, Wagner MF. Early maladaptive schemas in hospitalized patients for suicide attempt. Rev Bras Ter Cogn. 2015;11:3-9.

48

Renner F, Lobbestael J, Peeters F, Arntz A, Huibers M. Early maladaptive schemas in depressed patients: stability and relation with depressive symptoms over the course of treatment. J Affect Disord. 2012;136:581-590.

49

Wang CE, Halvorsen M, Eisemann M, Waterloo K. Stability of dysfunctional attitudes and early maladaptive schemas: a 9-year follow-up study of clinically depressed subjects. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2010;41:389-396.

50

Nguyen DT, Wright EP, Dedding C, Pham TT, Bunders J. Low self-esteem and its association with anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation in vietnamese secondary school students: a cross-sectional study. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:698.

51

Zhou J, Li X, Tian L, Huebner ES. Longitudinal association between low self-esteem and depression in early adolescents: the role of rejection sensitivity and loneliness. Psychol Psychother. 2020;93:54-71.

52

Mcgee R, Williams S. Does low self-esteem predict health compromising behaviours among adolescents? J Adolesc. 2000;23:569-582.

53

Martin G, Richardson AS, Bergen HA, Roeger L, Allison S. Perceived academic performance, self-esteem and locus of control as indicators of need for assessment of adolescent suicide risk: implications for teachers. J Adolesc. 2005;28:75-87.

54

Bernstain DP, Rafaeli E, Young JE. Şema Terapi: Ayırıcı Özellikler.Psikonet Yayınları. İstanbul, 2015.

55

Jones SE, Lollar DJ. Relationship between physical disabilities or long-term health problems and health risk behaviors or conditions among US high school students. J School Health. 2008;78:252-257.

56

King RA, Schwab-Stone M, Flisher AJ, Greenwald S, Kramer RA, Goodman SH, Lahey BB, Shaffer D, Gould MS. Psychosocial and risk behavior correlates of youth suicide attempts and suicidal ideation. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40:837-846.

57

Brent DA, Emslie GJ, Clarke GN, Asarnow J, Spirito A, Ritz L, Vitiello B, Iyengar S, Birmaher B, Ryan ND, Zelazny J, Onorato M, Kennard B, Mayes TL, Debar LL, McCracken JT, Strober M, Suddath R, Leonard H, Porta G, Keller MB. Predictors of spontaneous and systematically assessed suicidal adverse events in the treatment of SSRI-resistant depression in adolescents (TORDIA) study. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166:418-426. Erratum in: Am J Psychiatry. 2019;176:764.

58

Wagner BM, Cole RE, Schwartzman P. Psychosocial correlates of suicide attempts among junior and senior high school youth. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 1995;25:358-372.

59

Wild LG, Flisher AJ, Lombard C. Suicidal ideation and attempts in adolescents: associations with depression and six domains of self-esteem. J Adolesc. 2004;27:611-624.

60

Klomek AB, Sourander A, Niemelä S, Kumpulainen K, Piha J, Tamminen T, Almqvist F, Gould MS. Childhood bullying behaviors as a risk for suicide attempts and completed suicides: a population-based birth cohort study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48:254-261.

61

Fisher HL, Moffitt TE, Houts RM, Belsky DW, Arseneault L, Caspi A. Bullying victimisation and risk of self harm in early adolescence: longitudinal cohort study. BMJ. 2012;344:e2683.

62

Qin P, Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB. Frequent change of residence and risk of attempted and completed suicide among children and adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:628-632.

63

O’Connor RC, Nock MK. The psychology of suicidal behaviour. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1:73-85.

64

Bryan CJ, Rudd MD. Advances in the assessment of suicide risk. J Clin Psychol. 2006;62:185-200.

65

de Catanzaro D. Reproductive status, family interactions, and suicidal ideation: surveys of the general public and high-risk groups. Ethol Sociobiol. 1995;16:385-394.

66

O’Connor RC, Rasmussen S, Hawton K. Predicting deliberate self-harm in adolescents: a six month prospective study. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2009;39:364-375.

67

Agerbo E, Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB. Familial, psychiatric, and socioeconomic risk factors for suicide in young people: nested case-control study. BMJ. 2002;325:74.

68

Bruffaerts R, Demyttenaere K, Borges G, Haro JM, Chiu WT, Hwang I, Karam EG, Kessler RC, Sampson N, Alonso J, Andrade LH, Angermeyer M, Benjet C, Bromet E, de Girolamo G, de Graaf R, Florescu S, Gureje O, Horiguchi I, Hu C, Kovess V, Levinson D, Posada-Villa J, Sagar R, Scott K, Tsang A, Vassilev SM, Williams DR, Nock MK. Childhood adversities as risk factors for onset and persistence of suicidal behaviour. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;197:20-27.

69

Goldston DB, Daniel SS, Erkanli A, Reboussin BA, Mayfield A, Frazier PH, Treadway SL. Psychiatric diagnoses as contemporaneous risk factors for suicide attempts among adolescents and young adults: developmental changes. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2009;77:281-290.

70

Vitiello B, Silva SG, Rohde P, Kratochvil CJ, Kennard BD, Reinecke MA, Mayes TL, Posner K, May DE, March JS. Suicidal events in the treatment for adolescents with depression study (TADS). J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70:741-747.

71

Clewell T. Mourning beyond melancholia: Freud’s psychoanalysis of loss. J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 2004;52:43-67.

72

Kaplow JB, Gipson PY, Horwitz AG, Burch BN, King CA. Emotional suppression mediates the relation between adverse life events and adolescent suicide: implications for prevention. Prev Sci. 2014;15:177-185.

73

Hewitt PL, Caelian CF, Chen C, Flett GL. Perfectionism, stress, daily hassles, hopelessness, and suicide potential in depressed psychiatric adolescents. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2014;36:663-674.

74

Roxborough HM, Hewitt PL, Kaldas J, Flett GL, Caelian CM, Sherry S, Sherry DL. Perfectionistic self-presentation, socially prescribed perfectionism, and suicide in youth: a test of the perfectionism social disconnection model. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2012;42:217-233.