ABSTRACT
Emotion regulation processes and their effects on many variables are topics that are frequently researched in the literature today. In particular, it is stated in the literature that these processes have effects on non-suicidal self-injury behaviors that are frequently encountered in adolescents. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically review studies conducted in the last 15 years to examine the relationship between emotion regulation and non-suicidal self-injury behavior in adolescents. This review was written based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis criteria, and the articles were searched in the “PubMed”, “ScienceDirect/Elsevier” and “Wiley Online Library” databases using the determined keywords between April and May 2021, and 20 articles that met the determined criteria were included in the review. Of the included studies, seven were longitudinal and thirteen were cross-sectional. In the studies, “emotion regulation, emotion dysregulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, and rumination” were the most frequently discussed within the scope of emotion regulation. In addition, many other concepts were also examined in this context. When the results of the studies are considered in general, it was found that the use of more maladaptive emotion regulation strategies predicts non-suicidal self-injury behavior in adolescents, and other variables that may have a role in the formation of difficulties in emotion regulation, especially in adolescence, also affect the relationship between emotion regulation and self-injury behavior. The findings are significant in that they demonstrate that the difficulties and risky behaviors that occur during adolescence are very common and that separate attention should be paid to these processes in adolescents.
References
1
Gross JJ, Barrett LF. Emotion Generation and Emotion Regulation: One or Two Depends on Your Point of View. Emot Rev. 2011;3:8-16.
2
Gross JJ. Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiol. 2002;39:281-291.
3
Thompson RA. Emotion regulation: a theme in search of definition. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 1994;59:25-52.
4
Koole SL. The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Cogn Emot. 2009;23:4-41.
5
Gross JJ. Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998;74:224-237.
6
Gross JJ. Emotion regulation in adulthood: Timing is everything. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2001;10:214-219.
7
Smith JM, Alloy LB. A roadmap to rumination: a review of the definition, assessment, and conceptualization of this multifaceted construct. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009;29:116-128.
8
Roese NJ. Counterfactual thinking. Psychol Bull. 1997;121:133-148.
9
Mihić L, Novović Z, Lazić M, Dozois DJA, Belopavlović R. The Dimensions of Ruminative Thinking: One for All or All for One. Assessment. 2019;26:684-694.
10
Thompson RA. Emotion and self-regulation. Nebr Symp Motiv. 1988;36:367-467.
11
Eisenberg N, Fabes RA, Bernzweig J, Karbon M, Poulin R, Hanish L. The relations of emotionality and regulation to preschoolers’ social skills and sociometric status. Child Dev. 1993;64:1418-1438.
12
Hilt LM, Hanson JL, Pollak SD. Emotion dysregulation. Encyclopedia of Adolescence. 2011;3:160-169.
13
Coates AA, Messman-Moore TL. A structural model of mechanisms predicting depressive symptoms in women following childhood psychological maltreatment. Child Abuse Negl. 2014;38:103-113.
14
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Association, Arlington, VA 2013.
15
Hawton K, James A. Suicide and deliberate self harm in young people. BMJ. 2005;330:891-894.
16
Yates TM. The developmental psychopathology of self-injurious behavior: Compensatory regulation in posttraumatic adaptation. Clin Psychol Rev. 2004;24:35-74.
17
Ferrara M, Terrinoni A, Williams R. Non-suicidal self-injury (Nssi) in adolescent inpatients: assessing personality features and attitude toward death. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2012;6:12.
18
Lloyd-Richardson EE, Perrine N, Dierker L, Kelley ML. Characteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents. Psychol Med. 2007;37:1183-1192.
19
Briere J, Gil E. Self-mutilation in clinical and general population samples: prevalence, correlates, and functions. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1998;68:609-620.
20
Linehan M. Cognitive–behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. Guilford Press. New York, NY 1993.
21
Andover MS, Morris BW. Expanding and clarifying the role of emotion regulation in nonsuicidal self-injury. Can J Psychiatry. 2014;59:659-575.
22
Houben M, Claes L, Vansteelandt K, Berens A, Sleuwaegen E, Kuppens P. The emotion regulation function of nonsuicidal self-injury: A momentary assessment study in inpatients with borderline personality disorder features. J Abnorm Psychol. 2017;126:89-95.
23
Sheppes G, Suri G, Gross JJ. Emotion regulation and psychopathology. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2015;11:379-405.
24
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting ıtems for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000097.
25
Voon D, Hasking P, Martin G. The roles of emotion regulation and ruminative thoughts in non-suicidal self-injury. Br J Clin Psychol. 2013;53:95-113.
26
Robinson K, Garisch JA, Kingi T, Brocklesby M, O’Connell A, Langlands RL, Russell L, Wilson MS. Reciprocal risk: the longitudinal relationship between emotion regulation and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2018;47:325-332.
27
Voon D, Hasking P, Martin G. Emotion regulation in first episode adolescentnon-suicidal self-injury: What difference does a year make? J Adolesc. 2014a;37:1077-1087.
28
Voon D, Hasking P, Martin G. Change in emotion regulation strategy use and its impact on adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury: A three-year longitudinal analysis using latent growth modeling. J Abnorm Psychol. 2014;123:487-498.
29
Adrian M, Zeman j, Erdley C, Lisa L, Sim L. Emotional dysregulation and interpersonal difficulties as risk factors for nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescent girls. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2011;39:389-400.
30
Chen WL, Chun CC. Association between emotion dysregulation and distinct groups of non-suicidal self-injury in Taiwanese female adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:3361.
31
Tatnell R, Kelada L, Hasking P, Martin G. Longitudinal analysis of adolescent NSSI: The role of intrapersonal and interpersonal factors. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2014;42:885-896.
32
Kelada L, Hasking P, Melvin G. Adolescent NSSI and recovery: The role of family functioning and emotion regulation. Youth and Society. 2016;50:1056-1077.
33
Tan AC, Rehfuss MC, Suarez EC, Parks-Savage A. Nonsuicidal self- injury in an adolescent population in Singapore. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2014;19:58-76.
34
Andrews T, Martin G, Hasking P, Page A. Predictors of continuation and cessation of nonsuicidal self-injury. J Adolesc Health. 2013;53:40-46.
35
Adrian M, Zeman J, Erdley C, Whitlock K, Sim L. Trajectories of non-suicidal self-injury in adolescent girls following inpatient hospitalization. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2019;24:831-846.
36
Titelius EN, Cook E, Spas J, Orchowski L, Kivisto K, O’Brien K, Frazier E, Wolff JC, Dickstein DP, Kim KK, Seymour KE. Emotion dysregulation mediates the relationship between child maltreatment and non-suicidal self-injury. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma. 2017;27:323-331.
37
Kim KL, Galione J, Schettini E, DeYoung LLA, Gilbert AC, Jenkins GA, Barthelemy CM, MacPherson HA, Radoeva PD, Kudinova AY, Dickstein DP. Do styles of emotion dysregulation differentiate adolescents engaging in non-suicidal self-injury from those attempting suicide? Psychiatry Res. 2020;291:113-240.
38
Perez J, Venta A, Garnaat S, Sharp C. The difficulties in emotion regulation scale: Factor structure and association with nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescent inpatients. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2012;34:393–404.
39
Hilt LM, Cha CB, Nolen-Hoeksema S. Nonsuicidal self-injury in young adolescent girls: Moderators of the distress-function relationship. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2008;76:63-71.
40
Xavier A, Cunha M, Pinto-Gouveia J. Daily peer hassles and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescence: Gender differences in avoidance-focused emotion regulation processes. J Child Fam Stud. 2017;27:59-68.
41
Glenn CR, Klonsky ED. Nonsuicidal self-injury disorder: An empirical investigation in adolescent psychiatric patients. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2013;42:496-507.
42
Demirci E. Non suicidal self-injury, emotional eating and insomnia after child sexual abuse: Are those symptoms related to emotion regulation? J Forensic Leg Med. 2018;53:17-21.
43
Somma A, Sharp C, Borroni S, Fossati A. Borderline personality disorder features, emotion dysregulation and non-suicidal self-injury: Preliminary findings in a sample of community-dwelling Italian adolescents. Pers Ment Health. 2016;11:23-32.
44
Fraser G, Wilson MS, Garisch JA, Robinson K, Brocklesby M, Kingi T, O’Connell A, Russell L. Non-suicidal self-injury, sexuality concerns, and emotion regulation among sexually diverse adolescents: A multiple mediation analysis. Arch Suicide Res. 2017;22:432-452.
45
Lewis MD, Stieben J. Emotion regulation in the brain: Conceptual issues and directions for developmental research. Child Dev. 2004;75:371-376.
46
Perlman SB, Pelphrey KA. Developing connections for affective regulation: Age-related changes in emotional brain connectivity. J Exp Child Psychol. 2011;108:607-620.
47
Martin RE, Ochsner KN. The neuroscience of emotion regulation development: Implications for education. Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2016;10:142-148.
48
Swannell SV, Martin GE, Page A, Hasking P, St John NJ. Prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury in nonclinical samples: Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2014;44:273-303.
49
Young K, Sandman C, Craske M. Positive and negative emotion regulation in adolescence: Links to anxiety and depression. Brain Sci. 2019;9:76.
50
Green MJ, Chill CM, Malhi GS. The cognitive and neuropsychological basis of emotion dysregulation in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2007;103:29-42.
51
Davis TS, Mauss IB, Lumian D, Troy AS, Shallcross AJ, Zarolia P, Ford BQ, McRae K. Emotional reactivity and emotion regulation among adults with a history of self-harm: laboratory self-report and functional MRI evidence. J Abnorm Psychol. 2014;123:499-509.
52
Vrouva I, Fonagy P, Fearon PR, Roussow T. The risk-taking and self-harm inventory for adolescents: development and psychometric evaluation. Psychol Assess. 2010;22:852-865.
53
Kerr DC, Preuss LJ, King CA. Suicidal adolescents’ social support from family and peers: gender-specific associations with psychopathology. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2006;34:103-114.
54
Fruzzetti AE, Shenk C, Hoffman PD. Family interaction and the development of borderline personality disorder: a transactional model. Dev Psychopathol. 2005;17:1007-1030.
55
Repetti RL, Taylor SE, Seeman TE. Risky families: family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychol Bull. 2002;128:330-366.
56
Beevers CG, Rohde P, Stice E, Nolen-Hoeksema S. Recovery from major depressive disorder among female adolescents: a prospective test of the scar hypothesis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2007;75:888-900.
57
De Bellis MD. Developmental traumatology: the psychobiological development of maltreated children and its implications for research, treatment, and policy. Dev Psychopathol. 2001;13:539-564.
58
De Bellis MD, Thomas LA. Biologic findings of post-traumatic stress disorder and child maltreatment. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2003;5:108-117.
59
Meyer IH. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull. 2003;129:674-697.